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Analogy, Similarity, Metaphor and Mental Models Click here to request reprints
Analogy, Similarity, Metaphor and Mental Models In Press Gentner, D., & Colhoun, J. (in press). Analogical processes in human thinking and learning. In A. von Müller & E. Pöppel (Series Eds.) & B. Glatzeder, V. Goel, & A. von Müller (Vol. Eds.), On Thinking: Vol. 2. Towards a Theory of Thinking. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. Gentner, D. & Christie, S. (2008). Relational language supports relational cognition in humans and apes: A response to Penn, Holyoak & Povinelli. Behaviorial and Brain Sciences, 31. 137-183. Mussweiler, T. & Gentner, D. (2008). On apples and oranges: Structural alignment in the selection of social comparison standards. Journal of Cognitive Science, 8. 1-38. Uttal, D. H., Gentner, G., Liu, L. L., & Lewis, A. R. (2008). Developmental changes in children's understanding of the similarity between photographs and their referents. Developmental Science. 2007 Gentner, D., Loewenstein, J., & Hung, B. (2007). Comparison facilitates children's learning of names for parts. Journal of Cognition and Development, 8. 285-307. Markman, A. B., Taylor, E. & Gentner, D. (2007). Auditory presentation leads to better analogical retrieval than written presentation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14. 1101-1106. 2006 Gentner, D. & Christie, S. (2006). Using numbers to structure space. In R. Sun & N. Miyake (Eds.). Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Gentner, D., & Kurtz, K. (2006). Relations, objects, and the composition of analogies. Cognitive Science, 30, 609-642. Gentner, D., Loewenstein, J., & Hung, B. (2006). Comparison facilitates children’s learning of names for parts. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7(2). Gentner, D. & Markman, A. B. (2006). Defining structural similarity. The Journal of Cognitive Science, 6, 1-20. Gentner, D. & Namy, L. L. (2006). Analogical processes in language learning. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(6), 297-301. Gentner, D., & Sagi, E. (2006). Does “different” imply a difference? A comparison of two tasks. In R. Sun & N. Miyake (Eds.). Proceedings of the Twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Lovett, A., Gentner, D. & Forbus, K. (2006). Simulating time-course phenomena in perceptual similarity via incremental encoding. In R. Sun & N. Miyake (Eds.). Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. 2005 Asmuth, J. & Gentner, D. (2005) Context sensitivity of relational nouns. Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 163-168. Bowdle, B., & Gentner, D. (2005). The career of metaphor. Psychological Review, 112(1), 193-216. Gentner, D. (2005). The development of relational category knowledge. In L. Gershkoff-Stowe & D. H. Rakison, (Eds.), Building object categories in developmental time. (pp. 245-275). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Gentner, D., & Kurtz, K. (2005). Relational categories. In W. K. Ahn, R. L. Goldstone, B. C. Love, A. B. Markman & P. W. Wolff (Eds.), Categorization inside and outside the lab. (pp. 151-175). Washington, DC: APA. Jameson, J. Gentner, D., Day, S., Christie, S. Colhoun, J. & Bartels, D. (2005) Clarifying the role of alignability in similarity comparisons. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 1048-1053. Loewenstein, J., & Gentner, D. (2005). Relational language and the development of relational mapping. Cognitive Psychology, 50, 315-353. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (2005). Nonintentional similarity processing. In T. Hassin, J,. Bargh and J. Uleman (Eds.), The new unconscious (pp. 107-137). New York: Oxford University Press. Perrott, D. A., Gentner, D., & Bodenhausen, G V. (2005). Resistance is futile: The unwitting insertion of analogical inferences in memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 12. 696-702. Yeh, D. & Gentner, D. (2005). Reasoning counterfactually in Chinese: Picking up the pieces. Proceedings of the Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2410-2415. 2004 Gentner, D., & Namy, L. L. (2004). The role of comparison in children's early word learning. In D. G. Hall & S. R. Waxman (Eds.), Weaving a lexicon (pp. 533-568). Cambridge: MIT Press. Gentner, D., Loewenstein, J., & Thompson, L. (2004). Analogical encoding: Facilitating knowledge transfer and integration. Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. 2003 Day, S., and Gentner, D. (2003). Analogical inference in automatic interpretation. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Gentner, D. (2003a). Analogical reasoning, psychology of. In Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (Vol 1, pp. 106-112). London: Nature Publishing Group. Gentner, D. (2003b). Why we’re so smart. In D. Gentner and S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought (pp.195-235). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (Eds.). (2003). Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2003). Whither Whorf. In D. Gentner and S. Goldin-Meadow (Eds.), Language in mind: Advances in the study of language and thought (pp. 3-14). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D., Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L. (2003). Learning and transfer: A general role for analogical encoding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(2), 393-408. Jameson, J., and Gentner, D. (2003). Mundane comparisons can facilitate relational understanding. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L. & and Gentner, D. (2003). Analogical learning in negotiation teams: Comparing cases promotes learning and transfer. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 2 (2), 119-127. Yan, J., Forbus, K., and Gentner, D. (2003). A theory of rerepresentation in analogical matching. Proceedings of the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. 2002 Gentner, D. (2002b). Analogy in scientific discovery: The case of Johannes Kepler. In L. Magnani & N. J. Nersessian (Eds.), Model-based reasoning: Science, technology, values (pp.21-39). New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publisher. Gentner, D. (2002c). Cognitive science. Encyclopedia Americana. Danbury, CN: Grolier. Gentner, D. (2002d). Mental models, psychology of. In N. J. Smelser & P. B. Bates (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (pp. 9683-9687). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Gentner, D., & Bowdle, B. (2002). Metaphor processing, psychology of. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. London: Nature Publishing Group. Gentner, D., Imai, M., & Boroditsky, L. (2002). As time goes by: Evidence for two systems in processing space > time metaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 17, 537-565. Gentner, D., & Loewenstein, J. (2002a). Learning: analogical reasoning. Encyclopedia of Education, Second Edition. New York: Macmillian. Gentner, D., & Loewenstein, J. (2002b). Relational language and relational thought. In J. Byrnes & E. Amsel (Eds.), Language, Literacy, and Cognitive Development (pp. 87-120). Mahwah, NJ: LEA. Namy, L. L,. & Gentner, D. (2002). Making a silk purse out of two sow's ears: Young children's use of comparison in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 5-15. Zharikov, S., & Gentner, D. (2002). Why do metaphors seem deeper than similes? Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 976-981. 2001 Gentner, D. (2001). Spatial metaphors in temporal reasoning. In M. Gattis (Ed.), Spatial schemas in abstract thought (pp. 203-222). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D., & Bowdle, B. F. (2001). Convention, form, and figurative language processing. Metaphor and Symbol, 16(3&4), 223-247. Gentner, D., Bowdle, B., Wolff, P., & Boronat, C. (2001). Metaphor is like analogy. In D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, & B. N. Kokinov (Eds.), The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science (pp. 199-253). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D., & Gunn, V. (2001). Structural alignment facilitates the noticing of differences. Memory and Cognition, 29(4), 565-577. Gentner, D., Holyoak, K. J., & Kokinov, B. (Eds.). (2001). The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Holyoak, K.J., Gentner, D., & Kokinov, B.N. (2001). Introduction: the place of analogy in cognition. In D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, & B. N. Kokinov (Eds.), The analogical mind: Perspectives from cognitive science (pp 1-19). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Kurtz, K. J., & Gentner, D. (2001). Kinds of kinds: Sources of category coherence. Proceedings of the Twenty-third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 522-527. Kurtz, K. J., Miao, C., & Gentner, D. (2001). Learning by analogical bootstrapping. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 10(4), 417-446. Loewenstein, J., & Gentner, D. (2001). Spatial mapping in preschoolers: Close comparisons facilitate far mappings. Journal of Cognition and Development, 2(2), 189-219. Markman, A. B. & Gentner, D. (2001). Thinking. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 223-247. 2000 Gentner, D., & Wolff, P. (2000). Metaphor and knowledge change. In E. Dietrich & A. Markman (Eds.), Cognitive dynamics: Conceptual change in humans and machines (pp. 295-342). Mahwah, NJ: LEA. Kuehne, S. E., Forbus, K. D., Gentner, D., & Quinn, B. (2000). SEQL - Category learning as progressive abstraction using structure mapping. Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 770-775. Kuehne, S. E., Gentner, D. & Forbus, K. D. (2000). Modeling infant learning via symbolic structural alignment. Proceedings of the Twenty-second Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 286-291. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (2000). Structure-mapping in the comparison process. American Journal of Psychology, 113(4), 501-538. Thompson, L., Gentner, D., & Loewenstein, J. (2000). Avoiding missed opportunities in managerial life: Analogical training more powerful than individual case training. Organization Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 60-75. Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (2000). Evidence
for role-neutral initial processing of metaphors. Journal
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26(2), 529-541. Gentner, D. (1999). Analogy. In R. A. Wilson & F. C. Keil (Eds.), The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences (pp. 17-20). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D. & Brem, S. (1999). Is snow really like a shovel? Distinguishing similarity from thematic relatedness. Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 179-184. Gentner, D., & Namy, L. (1999). Comparison in the development of categories. Cognitive Development, 14, 487-513. Gillespie, J. J., Thompson, L., Loewenstein, J., & Gentner, D. (1999). Lessons from analogical reasoning in the teaching of negotiation. Negotiation Journal, 15(4), 363-371. Kurtz, K. J., Gentner, D., & Gunn, V. (1999). Reasoning. In D. E. Rumelhart & B. M. Bly (Eds.), Cognitive science: Handbook of perception and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 145-200). San Diego: Academic Press. Loewenstein, J., Thompson, L., & Gentner, D. (1999). Analogical
encoding facilitates knowledge transfer in negotiation. Psychonomic
Bulletin & Review, 6(4), 586-597. Gentner, D. (1998). Analogy. In W. Bechtel & G. Graham (Eds.), A companion to cognitive science (pp. 107-113). Oxford: Blackwell. Gentner, D., & Gunn, V. (1998). Structural alignment facilitates discovering differences. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1219. Gentner, D., & Medina, J. (1998). Similarity and the development of rules. Cognition, 65, 263-297. Gentner, D., & Rattermann, M. J. (1998). Deep thinking in children: The case for knowledge change in analogical development. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21(6), 837-838. Greeno, J. G., Clancey, W. J., Lewis, C., Seidenberg, M., Derry, S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Langley, P., Shafto, M., Gentner, D., Lesgold, A., & Seifert, C. M. (1998). Efforts to encourage multidisciplinarity in the cognitive science society. Cognitive Science, 22(1), 131-132. Kurtz, K. J., & Gentner, D. (1998). Category learning and comparison in the evolution of similarity structure. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1236. Loewenstein, J., & Gentner, D. (1998). Relational language facilitates analogy in children. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 615-620. Rattermann, M. J., & Gentner, D. (1998a). The effect of language on similarity: The use of relational labels improves young children's performance in a mapping task. In K. Holyoak, D. Gentner, & B. Kokinov (Eds.), Advances in analogy research: Integration of theory & data from the cognitive, computational, and neural sciences (pp. 274-282). Sophia: New Bulgarian University. Rattermann, M. J., & Gentner, D. (1998b). More evidence for a relational shift in the development of analogy: Children's performance on a causal-mapping task. Cognitive Development, 13, 453-478. Wu, M., & Gentner, D. (1998). Structure in category-based induction. Proceedings of the Twentieth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1154-1158. 1997 Ferguson, R. W., Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1997). On the proper treatment of noun-noun metaphor: A critique of the Sapper model. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Forbus, K., & Gentner, D. (1997). Qualitative mental models: Simulations or memories? Proceedings of the Eleventh International Workshop on Qualitative Reasoning, 1-8. Forbus, K. D., Gentner, D., Everett, J. O., & Wu, M. (1997). Towards a computational model of evaluating and using analogical inferences. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 229-234. Gentner, D., Brem, S., Ferguson, R. W., Markman, A. B., Levidow, B. B., Wolff, P., & Forbus, K. D. (1997). Analogical reasoning and conceptual change: A case study of Johannes Kepler. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 6(1), 3-40. Gentner, D., Brem, S., Ferguson, R. W., Wolff, P., Markman, A.
B., & Forbus, K. D. (1997). Analogy
and creativity in the works of Johannes Kepler. In T. B. Ward,
S. M. Smith, & J. Vaid (Eds.), Creative thought: An investigation
of conceptual structures and processes (pp. 403-459). Washington,
DC: American Psychological Association. Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1997). Structure mapping in analogy and similarity. American Psychologist, 52, 45-56. Gentner, D., & Medina, J. (1997). Comparison and the development of cognition and language. Cognitive Studies: Bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society, 4(1), 112-149. Gentner, D., & Whitley, E. W. (1997). Mental models of population growth: A preliminary investigation. In M. Bazerman, D. M. Messick, A. E. Tenbrunsel, & K. Wade-Benzoni (Eds.), Environment, ethics, and behavior: The psychology of environmental valuation and degradation (pp. 209-233). San Francisco, CA: New Lexington Press. Gentner, D., & Wolff, P. (1997). Alignment in the processing of metaphor. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 331-355. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1997). The effects of alignability on memory storage. Psychological Science, 8(5), 363-367. 1996 Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1996). [Review of the book Mental leaps: Analogy in creative thought]. Pragmatics & Cognition, 4(2), 407-409. Kotovsky, L., & Gentner, D. (1996). Comparison and categorization in the development of relational similarity. Child Development, 67, 2797-2822. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1996). Commonalities and differences in similarity comparisons. Memory & Cognition, 24(2), 235-249. 1995 Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1995a). Analogy-based reasoning in connectionism. In M. Arbib (Ed.), The handbook of brain theory and neural networks (pp. 91-93). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1995b). Similarity is like analogy: Structural alignment in comparison. In C. Cacciari (Ed.), Similarity in language, thought and perception (pp. 111-147). Brussels: BREPOLS. Gentner, D., Rattermann, M. J., Markman, A. B., & Kotovsky, L. (1995). Two forces in the development of relational similarity. In T. J. Simon & G. S. Halford (Eds.), Developing cognitive competence: New approaches to process modeling (pp. 263-313). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA. 1994 Gentner, D., & Bowdle, B. F. (1994). The coherence imbalance hypothesis: A functional approach to asymmetry in comparison. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 351-356. Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1994). Structural alignment in comparison: No difference without similarity. Psychological Science, 5(3), 152-158. Law, K., Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1994). Simulating similarity-based retrieval: A comparison of ARCS and MAC/FAC. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 543-548. 1993 Gentner, D., & Markman, A. B. (1993). Analogy--Watershed or Waterloo? Structural alignment and the development of connectionist models of cognition. In S. J. Hanson, J. D. Cowan, & C. L. Giles (Eds.), Advances in neural information processing systems, 5 (pp. 855-862). San Mateo, CA: Kaufmann. Gentner, D., Rattermann, M. J., & Forbus, K. D. (1993). The roles of similarity in transfer: Separating retrievability from inferential soundness. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 524-575. Imai, M., & Gentner, D. (1993). Linguistic relativity vs. universal ontology: Cross-linguistic studies of the object/substance distinction. Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1993a). All differences are not created equal: A structural alignment view of similarity. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 682-686. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1993b). Splitting the differences: A structural alignment view of similarity. Journal of Memory and Language, 32, 517-535. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1993c). Structural alignment during similarity comparisons. Cognitive Psychology, 25, 431-467. Medin, D. L., Goldstone, R. L., & Gentner, D. (1993). Respects for similarity. Psychological Review, 100(2), 254-278. 1992 Gentner, D., & Imai, M. (1992). Is the future always ahead? Evidence for system-mappings in understanding space-time metaphors. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 510-515. Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (1992). The time course of metaphor comprehension. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 504-509. 1991 Gentner, D., & Forbus, K. D. (1991). MAC/FAC: A model of similarity-based access and mapping. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 504-509. Goldstone, R. L., Medin, D. L., & Gentner, D. (1991). Relational similarity and the non-independence of features in similarity judgments. Cognitive Psychology, 23, 222-264. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1991). Commonalities, differences and the alignment of conceptual frames during similarity judgments. Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 287-292. 1990 Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1990a). Analogical mapping during similarity judgments. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 38-44. Markman, A. B., & Gentner, D. (1990b). Robot arms go with cars: Evidence for analogical mapping in similarity. In J. Dinsmore & T. Koschmann (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second Midwest Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science Society Conference (pp. 49-53). Carbondale, IL. Medin, D. L., Goldstone, R. L., & Gentner, D. (1990). Similarity involving attributes and relations: Judgments of similarity and difference are not inverses. Psychological Science, 1, 64-69. Rattermann, M. J., Gentner, D., & DeLoache, J. (1990). The effects of familiar labels on young children's performance in an analogical mapping task. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 22-29. Hillsdale, NJ: LEA. 1989 Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1989). Structural evaluation of analogies: What counts? Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 341-348. Gentner, D. (1989). The mechanisms of analogical learning. In S. Vosniadou & A. Ortony (Eds.), Similarity and analogical reasoning (pp. 199-241). London: Cambridge University Press. (Reprinted in Knowledge acquisition and learning, 1993, 673-694). Gentner, D., & Jeziorski, M. (1989). Historical shifts in the use of analogy in science. In B. Gholson, W. R. Shadish, Jr., R. A. Neimeyer, & A. C. Houts (Eds.), Psychology of science: Contributions to metascience (pp. 296-325). New York: Cambridge University Press. Goldstone, R. L., Gentner, D., & Medin, D. L. (1989). Relations relating relations. Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 131-138. 1988 Gentner, D. (1988). Cognitive and linguistic determinism: object reference and relational reference. Paper presented at the Boston Child Language Conference, Boston, MA, November. Gentner, D. (1988a). Analogical inference and analogical access. In A. Prieditis (Ed.), Analogica (pp. 63-88). Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann. Gentner, D. (1988b). Metaphor as structure mapping: The relational shift. Child Development, 59, 47-59. Gentner, D., & Clement, C. (1988). Evidence for relational selectivity in the interpretation of analogy and metaphor. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 22, pp. 307-358). New York: Academic Press. Gentner, D., Falkenhainer, B., & Skorstad, J. (1988). Viewing metaphor as analogy. In D. H. Helman (Ed.), Analogical reasoning: Perspectives of artificial intelligence, cognitive science and philosophy (pp. 171-177). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer. Schumacher, R. M., & Gentner, D. (1988). Transfer of training as analogical mapping. IEEE Transactions of Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 18, 592-600. Skorstad, J., Gentner, D., & Medin, D. (1988). Abstraction processes during concept learning: A structural view. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 419-425. 1987 Gentner, D., Falkenhainer, B., & Skorstad, J. (1987). Metaphor: The good, the bad and the ugly. Proceedings of the Third Conference on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing, 155-159. Rattermann, M. J., & Gentner, D. (1987). Analogy and similarity: Determinants of accessibility and inferential soundness. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 23-35. Skorstad, J., Falkenhainer, B., & Gentner, D. (1987). Analogical processing: A simulation and empirical corroboration. Proceedings of the Meeting of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, 322-326. 1986 Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1986a). Causal reasoning about quantities. Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 196-207. Forbus, K. D., & Gentner, D. (1986b). Learning physical domains: Toward a theoretical framework. In R. S. Michalski, J. G. Carbonell, & T. M. Mitchell (Eds.), Machine learning: An artificial intelligence approach (Vol. 2, pp. 311-348). Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann. Gentner, D., & Schumacher, R. M. (1986). Use of structure mapping theory for complex systems. Proceedings of the 1986 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 252-258. Gentner, D., & Toupin, C. (1986). Systematicity and surface similarity in the development of analogy. Cognitive Science, 10, 277-300. 1985 Gentner, D., & Landers, R. (1985). Analogical reminding: A good match is hard to find. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cybernetics and Society (pp. 607-613). New York, NY: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Gentner, D., & Toupin, C. (1985). Cross-mapped analogies: Pitting systematicity against spurious similarity. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 277-282. 1984 1983 Gentner, D. (1983). Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy. Cognitive Science, 7, 155-170. (Reprinted in A. Collins & E. E. Smith (Eds.), Readings in cognitive science: A perspective from psychology and artificial intelligence. Palo Alto, CA: Kaufmann). Gentner, D., & Gentner, D. R. (1983). Flowing waters or teeming crowds: Mental models of electricity. In D. Gentner & A. L. Stevens (Eds.), Mental models (pp. 99-129). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (Reprinted in M. J. Brosnan (Ed.), Cognitive functions: Classic readings in representation and reasoning. Eltham, London: Greenwich University Press). Gentner, D., & Grudin, J. (1983). Ninety years of mental metaphors. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, Rochester, NY. Gentner, D., & Stevens, A. L. (Eds.). (1983). Mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1982 1981 Gentner, D., & Collins, A. (1981). Studies of inference from lack of knowledge. Memory & Cognition 9, 434-443. 1977 Gentner, D. (1977b). If a tree had a knee, where would it be? Children's performance on simple spatial metaphors. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 13, 157-164.
2007 2006 Gentner, D. (2006). Why verbs are hard to learn. In K. Hirsh-Pasek, & R. Golinkoff, (Eds.) Action meets word: How children learn verbs (pp.544 564). Oxford University Press. 2003 2001 Gentner, D., & Boroditsky, L. (2001). Individuation, relativity and early word learning. In M. Bowerman & S. Levinson (Eds.), Language acquisition and conceptual development (pp. 215-256). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 1997 1994 1991 Wisniewski, E. J., & Gentner, D. (1991). On the combinatorial semantics of noun pairs: Minor and major adjustments to meaning. In G. B. Simpson (Ed.), Understanding word and sentence (pp. 241-284). Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1990 1988 1982 1981 Gentner, D. (1981c). Some interesting differences between verbs and nouns. Cognition and Brain Theory, 4, 161-178. Gentner, D. (1981d). Verb semantic structures in memory for sentences: Evidence for componential representation. Cognitive Psychology, 13, 56-83. 1979 1978 Gentner, D. (1978b). A study of early word meaning using artificial objects: What looks like a jiggy but acts like a zimbo? Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 15, 1-6, Stanford University. (Reprinted in J. Gardner (Ed.), Readings in developmental psychology, (2nd ed., pp. 137-142). Boston: Little Brown). Gentner, D. (1978c). Testing the psychological reality of a representational model. Proceedings of Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing (Vol. 2, pp. 1-7). University of Illinois: Association for Computing Machinery. 1975 Gentner, D. (1975). Validation of a related-component model of verb meaning. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 10, 69-79. Other 1980 Last Update: November 8th, 2007
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